Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Origins of Behaviorism Essay - 1714 Words

Origins of Behaviorism Behaviourism originated with the work of John B. Watson from 1913. Behaviourism is based on the following sets of claims: (1) Psychology is the study of behaviour. Psychology is not the science of mind. This statement also forms a type of behaviourism: â€Å"Methodological† behaviourism claims that psychology†¦show more content†¦Later, he turned to the study of human behaviors and emotions. Until World War I, he collaborated his studies with Adolph Meyer. After the war he resumed his work at Johns Hopkins University. He wanted to develop techniques to allow him to condition and control the emotions of human subjects. Watson made the notorious claim that, given a dozen healthy infants; he could determine the adult personalities of each one, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors. While making such a claim seems ridiculous today, at the time, many people found it threatening. (2) Behaviour can be described and explained without making reference to mental events or too internal psychological processes. The sources of behaviour are external (in the environment), not internal (the mind). This is a research program within psychology, called â€Å"Psychological† behaviourism. It purports to explain human and animal behaviour in terms of external physical stimuli, responses, learning histories and reinforcements. Psychological behaviourism’s historical roots consist, in part, in the classical associations of the British Empiricists (John Locke and David Hume) according to classical associationism, intelligent behaviour is the product of associative learning. As a result of associations or pairings between perceptual experiences or stimulations on theShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism And The First American Psychological Revolution963 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism Behaviorism has been a topic of many controversies in the early stages of developing. This paper will present a synthesis of several articles discussing behaviorisms and its development through various schools of theories, in addition known researchers and conclusions. The first article that illustrates behaviorism is, â€Å"Behaviorism at 100† by Ledoux (2012), which details the last 50 years of the study of behaviorism. The next article is â€Å"Behaviorism† by Moore (2011), maps the beginningRead MoreAnalysis Of Body And Mind Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesProblem†, which is an effort to understand what human mental states are and how they relate to our physical bodies: 1) Mind-Body Dualism asserts that the mind is nonphysical with private states while the body is physical with public states; 2) Behaviorism tries to resolve the problem by observing human behavior and relating that to mental thoughts and states; 3) Mind-Brain Identity asserts that the mi nd is the brain and that mental states are neurological; 4) Functionalism describes mental statesRead MoreThe Philosophers Who Contrubuted to the Development of Behaviorism891 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism has its roots as far back as the ancient Greeks. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE), known as the father of medicine, developed humorism consisting of four humors that corresponded with four temperaments. Physicians and philosophers used this model with its four temperaments for many long years. Socrates (469-339 BCE), Plato (427-347 BCE), and Aristotle (385-322 BCE) are often spoken of together due to the unique relationship they shared. Aristotle was the student of Plato, who was intern theRead MoreA Research Study On Learning Theory Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the exact origins of the instructional design process can be introduced as an application attempt to general systems theory for an approach to accomplish learning tasks and solving instructional problems (Reiser Dempsey, 2012, p. 8). Some other models are basically based in behaviorism, although behaviorism is frequently referred to as a B. F. Skinner and stimulus-response theoretical model. The Burton, Moore, and Magliaro (1996) model was widely defined as behaviorism with philosophicalRead MoreThe Theory of Behaviorism900 Words   |  4 Pagesmental and emotional processes† (Press, 2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all behaviors are learned habits and changes in response to the environment. It endeavors to explain how these particular habits are formed. Behaviorism claimed that the causes of behavior was not necessarily found in the complexitiesRead MoreCompetency Based Education Has Changed Throughout The Last Decade1579 Words   |  7 Pagesexploration of its origins, theoretical basis, and empiric al evidence by Anne Mette Morcke, Tim Dornan, and Berit Eika. This article helped me understand the effects, and history of competency-based learning. In this paper I will summarize the thoughts of Morcke et al, explain my point of view, and provide evidence on how this method can be useful in a high school setting. Outcome (competency) based education article summary Morcke, Dornan and Eika, composed an article about the origins, theoreticalRead MoreBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pagesis also known as behavioral neuroscience, got its start in the later part of the 19th century, (Kowalski, R. amp; Western, D. 2009). A psychology enthusiast by the name of William James became interested in biology after reading Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species. James questioned Darwin’s theories and tested each presumption. The performance of doing so resulted in the formal school of biological psychology. James studied the possibility of a psyche that dealt with our perception of life as wellRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagestherapy, education of student-centered learning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focuses on the conditioning process that produces behavior. Humanistic psychology focuses on the persons potential toRead MoreThe Four Paradigms Of The Four Major Paradigms Of Psychology968 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality and the evolution of humanity. Four Paradigms of Psychology NATURE-Psycho-analytic/dynamic-Social-Cognitive-Behavioral-Humanism-NURTURE Psycho-analytic/dynamic Theory1 There are several theories of personality, each of which owes its origin to Sigmund Freud (Rathus, 2015). Every theory teaches that personality is primarily characterized by internal or external conflicts. Certain drives like sex, aggression, and the need for superiority come into conflict with laws, social rules, andRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 PagesExamples of two psychology sub-disciplines are cognitive and behaviorism psychology. Notably, behaviorism has its origin from the learning theory whereby it utilizes certain concepts such as classical and operant conditioning. On the other hand, cognitive psychology encompasses the scientific investigation of various mental processes namely decision making, judgment, problem solving, attention, perception, and memory (Plante, 2011). Behaviorism Psychology In principle, the behaviorist perspective’s foundation

Monday, December 23, 2019

Plagiarism And Collusion Plagiarism - 2910 Words

Assignment One Cover Sheet This sheet must be completed and attached to the assignment by all students unless otherwise instructed. PLEASE COMPLETE 1. Student ID RAJPRD1501 Student Name Pathum Rukshan Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Mudalige Class Time / Day Thursday Afternoon Assignment Due Date Friday 21 of August 2015 PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION †¢ Plagiarism occurs when a student attempts to pass off as their own work, the work of another, without any acknowledgement as to its authorship or source. †¢ Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work. †¢ A definition of plagiarism/collusion†¦show more content†¦This assured requirement forms an inherent dependency on interconnected networking which is known as internetworking. Internetworks, or the Internet, allow for the remote supplying of IT resources to the people and are directly helpful in network access in far and wide. Cloud consumers can access the cloud using only private and dedicated network links in LANs, although most clouds are Internet-enabled. The Cloud platforms generally grows in parallel with improvement in Internet connectivity and service quality, which leads to its potentiality. 2 . Data Center Technology This allows arranging IT resources in close proximity with one another, instead of keeping them geographically distributed. This allows for power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and enhanced accessibility for IT personnel. These are the benefits that naturally popularized the Data Center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and software systems. Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components: †¢ Virtualization †¢ Standardization and Modularity †¢ Automation †¢ Remote operation and Management †¢ Security – Aware design, operation and Management 3 . Virtualization Technology In computing, virtualization means to create a virtual version of a resource or device, like a server, storageShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Plagiarism And Collusion. Plagiarism4014 Words   |  17 PagesEswar Muraharisetty, Maneesh Chatamoni, Rohita Gongada UNIT CODE: SEB724 UNIT CHAIR: Dr Arun Patil ASSIGNMENT NAME: Engineering Leadership DUE DATE: 06/10/2014 Plagiarism and collusion Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgment as to its authorship, the work of any other person. Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignmentRead MorePmbok Integration and Scope Management1044 Words   |  5 Pagesoccasions an assignment gets lost in the system. In such a case you must be able to provide another copy. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is the presentation by a student of an assignment that has been copied in whole or in part from another student’s work, or from any other source (e.g. published books or periodicals or internet sites) without proper acknowledgment in the text. COLLUSION Collusion is the presentation by a student of an assignment, as his or her own which is in fact the result in wholeRead MorePlagiarism And The Ethics Of Plagiarism926 Words   |  4 Pagesand parents have heard the term â€Å"plagiarism† while talking about writing essays, poems, and other works. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own† by Merriam-Webster dictionary. While plagiarism may be denoted as stealing one’s work without credit, a more vast and broad definition usually applies to college level work. Every college and university has their own handbook and code of conduct on what exactly â€Å"plagiarism† is defined as, and what are theRead More The Problems of Plagiarism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism is an academic misconduct in which students use someone’s ideas or information in their work without proper referencing. While western culture insists that sources of words, ideas, images, sounds be documented for academic purposes, â€Å"plagiarism is now recognized as a serious problem especially in university where students are just copying words from web sites or someone else’s work† (The Owl At Purdue, 2007 ). According to East (2006, p.16), â€Å"many Australian universities are now developingRead MoreStrategic Management and Leadership Skills1089 Words   |  5 Pagesvery long quotations, by means of wholly indented paragraphs. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotations by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that unidentified and un-referenced copying both constitutes plagiarism which is a very serious offence Learner signature_______________________________ Date / / BTEC assignments 2011  ©LAHE 1. For CEOs and many other Senior Executives in your company, strategic leadership is an important role which theyRead More`` Integrity Is The Essence Of Everything Successful `` By Richard Fuller1091 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the ideal of academic integrity, the first step is knowing what incompatible practices constitute as cheating. One of the biggest examples of these incompatible practices is plagiarism. Plagiarism can be summarized as â€Å"the act of taking another’s work or ideas and issuing them as one’s own† (Plagiarism). Plagiarism encompasses several different acts, from straight copying and pasting to absent citations to lack of reference when developing an idea from their research. It is one of the most commonRead MoreAcademic Misconduct Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesSometimes during high school there are many things that’s teenagers get involved in. One of those is time management. Plagiarism is one way us teenagers can get our hom ework done faster. Since the internet plagiarism has been increasing overtime. We really need to think about the consequences for that. According, to Griffith University (Australia) there are many different kinds of plagiarism. †¢ Presenting a submitting another student’s paper as one’s own. †¢ Paraphrasing an author’s words without properRead MorePlagiarism Is Not The Right Way903 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism has been around for a long time, nowadays it’s easier to tell if someone plagiarizes. Plagiarism is not the way to go it is not worth the risk and definitely has it consequences. Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the thoughts of another author without authorization and passing it as your own (Dictionary.com). Plagiarism is the work of those who are not willing to put in the time and effort it takes to write original content. Which can be a form of cheatingRead More211040882 MAA753 Assignment 1685 Words   |  3 Pagesdelete as necessary) Plagiarism and Collusion Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgement as to its authorship, the work of another person. Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work. Work submitted may be reproduced and/or for the purpose of detecting plagiarism and collusion. â€Å"I certify that theRead Moresales development and Merchandising Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagescertificate in the event of you being sick. Any act of plagiarism and collusion will be seriously dealt with according to the regulations. In this context the definition and scope of plagiarism are presented below: ‘Plagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include1: the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Concrete Operations Stage Free Essays

Concrete operations are the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development, during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking (Papalia p. 351). The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. We will write a custom essay sample on Concrete Operations Stage or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic. Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. This stage is also characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. Egocentrism is Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought (Papalia p. G-3). During this stage, the child has the ability to master most types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. Conservation is the realization that quantity or amount does not change when nothing has been added or taken away from an object or a collection of objects, despite changes in form or spatial arrangement. The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the child’s ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series. The child is capable of concrete problem-solving. Categorical labels such as â€Å"number† or â€Å"animal† are now available to the child. The first, and most discussed, of these limitations is egocentrism. The pre-operational child has a â€Å"’self-centred’ view of the world† (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 2003, p. 399), meaning that she has difficulty understanding that other people may see things differently, and hence hold a differing point of view. Piaget’s classic test for egocentrism is the three mountains task (Piaget and Inhelder, 1956), which concrete operational thinkers can complete successfully. A second limitation which is overcome in the concrete operational stage is the perceptual domination of one aspect of a situation. Before the stage begins, the child’s perception of any situation or problem will be dominated by one aspect; this is best illustrated by the failure of pre-operational children to pass Piaget’s conservation tasks (Piaget and Inhelder, 1974). Perhaps the most important limitation, yet the most difficult to describe and measure, is that of the turn to logical operators. A pre-operational child will use mostly simple, heuristic strategies in problem solving. Once a child reaches the concrete operational stage, they will be in possession of a completely new set of strategies, allowing problem solving using logical rules. This new ability manifests itself most clearly in children’s justifications for their answers. Concrete operational thinkers will explicitly state their use of logical rules in problem solving (Harris and Butterworth, 2002). This area also indicates the way in which the concrete operational stage can be negatively defined; although children can now use logical strategies, these can only be applied to concrete, immediately present objects. Thinking has become logical, but is not yet abstract. These shifts in the child’s thinking lead to a number of new abilities which are also major, positively defined characteristics of the concrete operational stage. The most frequently cited ability is conservation. Now that children are no longer perceptually dominated by one aspect of a situation, they can track changes much more easily and recognize that some properties of an object will persevere through change. Conservation is always gained in the same order, firstly with respect to number, followed secondly by weight, and thirdly by volume. A second new ability gained in the concrete operational stage is reversibility. This refers to the ability to mentally trace backwards, and is of enormous help to the child in both their problem solving and the knowledge they have of their own problem solving. For the former this is because they can see that in a conservation task, for example, the change made could be reversed to regain the original properties. With respect to knowledge of their own problem solving, they become able to retrace their mental steps, allowing an entirely new level of reflection. Concrete operational children also gain the ability to structure objects hierarchically, known as classification. This includes the notion of class inclusion, e. g. understanding an object being part of a subset included within a parent set, and is shown on Piaget’s inclusion task, asking children to identify, out of a number of brown and white wooden beads, whether there were more brown beads or wooden beads (Piaget, 1965). Seriation is another new ability gained during this stage, and refers to the child’s ability to order objects with respect to a common property. A simple example of this would be placing a number of sticks in order of height. An important new ability which develops from the interplay of both seriation and classification is that of numeration. Whilst pre-operational children are obviously capable of counting, it is only during the concrete operational stage that they become able to apply mathematical operators, thanks to their abilities to order things in terms of number (seriation) and to split numbers into sets and subsets (classification), enabling more complex multiplication, division and so on. Finally, and also following the development of seriation, is transitive inference. This is the name given to children’s ability to compare two objects via an intermediate object. So for instance, one stick could be deemed to be longer than another by both being individually compared to another (third) stick. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence). This stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes. How to cite Concrete Operations Stage, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy. Answer: Introduction: The intellectual properties of a health provision or service include the names of the products or brands of the particular organisation, the inventions and discoveries, design or look of the product and any other patents and trademarks fall under the various types of intellectual properties. The important intellectual properties of a community health or service also include various devices and equipment, diagnostics and therapies, essential software, any kind of guidelines and training materials and other pharmaceutical products and processes. Protecting intellectual property is necessary because others might copy the necessary elements and the particular organisation has to suffer. In order to protect the intellectual property, certain legal actions might be taken so that no one can steal or copies the particular thing. There are two major ways of protecting intellectual property: Automatic protection: Copyright and Design right are the two means of automatic protection of the intellectual property. Protection that has to be applied for: Trademark, registered design and patents are protected by law when their protection is applied in the court of justice. In case if the intangible intellectual assets are not protected on the basis of intellectual property, it is expected that prompt action has to be taken to make these assets covered under the legal possession. It is advisable that the intellectual properties would be insured and wherever applicable they the patent and the trademark should be made in order to protect the same from being imitated by any other company or organisation. Moreover, these actions should be taking prior to carrying out any community program or working in any region for the community benefits. Combining organisational alignment with the employee engagement is important to engage the employees with the organisation to sustain better performance. By proper alignment, the connection between strategy and execution can be made and the employees would be able to make sound judgements about their work priorities. This way, the employees can become agile and can adapt to any change quickly. Employee engagement is the state when the employees think positive about their organisation and make discretionary efforts. In the view point of Omidvar, an engaged employee work harder and stay longer and thus, create a positive impact on their workplace. If employee engagement is successful, it will automatically lower the turnover cost and improve employee wellbeing and safety. On the other hand, employee engagement without proper alignment will eventually lead to a misdirected passion. Therefore, it can be said that alignment and employee engagement factors are complimentary to each other a nd it is important for keeping long term direction measures with the particular organisation. In order to complete the work in a timely manner, one needs to be much dedicated towards his or her job responsibilities. If one is assigned with certain job and duty, the person should be responsible enough to deal with the situation and complete the same in timely manner. In order to do so, drawing an action plan is the most effective solution to it. It is expected that keeping a sense of timeliness is the most important criteria. Moreover, when the task is divided into various segments, the work can be completed with high standard because the task has been properly disintegrated into various segments matching with the time required for the particular task. Therefore, designing an appropriate action plan based on the assigned work shall be done at foremost. The objective of the health service is to help the people who are suffering from ice epidemic and also to support people to come out of their distress because of the increasing suicidal rates. It might not be possible for an individual to carry out the relief activity and would eventually require the collaboration of team of people. The collaborative team can be formed from the members inside the organisation and from the members outside the organisation. From within the organisation, the team could be formed by including the managers and leaders. It has to be understood that these persons are experienced and have better knowledge about the subject. Therefore, when these important people are involved in the community health care program, the situation could be dealt easily and the victims or the sufferers would be guided properly. The members who could be selected from outside the organisation are the local people of the community. There always remain some people who have better knowledge about the community than others residing at the same place. Therefore, these individuals need to be chosen and they should be involved in the process. In addition to this, the any representative from the local health service community can also be involved. These might be the doctors, health care representatives or any other staffs working there. They would be able to tell about the actual condition of the place and would also supply the right data of the victims and sufferers. In addition to this, since the issue is related to suicides and drugs, it also involve legal issues and thus, collaborating with a legal expert can also fetch good response to the overall investigation and it is expected that proper steps to fight against these issues would be taken easily. Working for community is definitely a socially constructive thing and people performing such activities often get support from the community whom they work for. However, there is no doubt that conflicts and issues are bound to take place even if the particular organisation tries to do everything positive for the community. Therefore, the ones who are responsible for undertaking the community activities should be prepared enough to deal with such situations. It should be kept into consideration that the conflict can occur both internally and in the external environment where the particular organisation has been providing their service. Internal conflict might take place among the managers and the employees working together for any kind of reason, in case if their point of view does not match with each other. In order to deal with such conflict, effective internal communication can be suggested as the best possible solution. It is expected that both the parties should come to a common conclusion by effectively communicating each other and discussing the issue. In order to overcome the external conflict, it is expected that the community members should be informed beforehand about the program that the health service organisation is going to organise. The representatives of the community should be asked about any kind of needs or expectations they expect from the health service organisation. It is expected that a mutual settlement would be made and then the health care should provide their service in the respective community. However, in case if the situation goes out of hand, the same issue of the conflict can be discussed and proper steps can be taken to overcome the issue. One should not assume things and carry on their activity but one should discuss the same with both internal and external public related to the organisation. After completion of the collaboration project, I would like to share my experience. Since, the project was related to the increased rate of suicides in rural Victoria and the increased cases of ice epidemic, there were many cases where the victims were in the situation that they could hardly consider themselves responsible for the entire thing. I have met with the family members of those who committed suicide. Their condition is worse and more painful. They could not believe that they have lost such an important person from their life. On the other hand, the family members of the ice epidemic victims wanted the victim to get back their normal life back. It was a tough situation o deal with these people. At times, I also used to get emotional. Thus, I have identified that I lack professionalism which is equally important at the time of dealing with such people. In addition to this, once I confronted a small argument with my senior that had lead to a bad situation. Here, I identified that the situation has arise because of lack of proper inter personal communication. It was only when I communicated with him and explained my point of view, the matter was solved. Therefore, I need to work on my interpersonal communication skills as well. Apart from this, I believe that I have good knowledge of my subject that has helped to me understand the various situations that I had to confront many times. However, I need to increase my knowledge for future activities as well. For this, I would have to acquire knowledge about the condition of people in different regions of Australia, mostly the rural part. It is only when I shall be able to keep a trace of their activities I would be qualified as a responsible health care representative. References: Bently, Lionel, and Brad Sherman.Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. Dyer, Jean A. "Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy."Handbook of Remotivation Therapy(2014): 157. Hung, Woei. "Team-based complex problem solving: a collective cognition perspective."Educational Technology Research and Development61, no. 3 (2013): 365-384. Lock, Jennifer, Trisa Soroski, Belina Cassie, and Evelyn Hickey. "Experiences of a Collaborative Instructional Team in Support of Online Learning." (2014). Milgrim, Roger M., and Eric E. Bensen.Use of agreements to protect trade secrets in the employment relationship. Vol. 2. Milgrim on Trade Secrets, 2015. Omidvar, H., KH OMIDVAR, and A. Omidvar. "The determination of effectiveness of teaching time management strategies on the mental health and academic motivation of school students." (2013): 6-22.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Spying on The Home Front an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Spying on The Home Front by Expert Tutor Maya | 01 Dec 2016 To talk of overbroad and sweeping driftnets to intercept alleged messages of National concern, without means to assure the American citizens of a narrowly tailored measure to zero in on specific terrorist activity, in the name of a supervening State duty to fight imminent threats against the country, is to consent to unrestrained exercises of Police Power that are absolutely repugnant to the Constitution and its tenets. Need essay sample on "Spying on The Home Front" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The protection of a private individual's Civil liberties is not subject to compromise. His rights to be left alone, to be free from State intervention and to be guaranteed a shield against State security entanglements are highlights of a democratic sovereign. The moment that the State trumps these rights under the justification that the present situation calls for drastic and unusual means to combat the enemy, the Constitution, which has been the shrine of liberty and freedom since its foundation, the very bastion of the people sovereign, is at once violated. Time and again, the courts have ruled against any form of intrusion into people's private lives. Federal laws, such as the FISA law, seek to discourage fishing expeditions, indiscriminate guesswork and blanket approaches to collect information among the populace (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). In fact, illegally obtained evidence sparked by warrant-less searches and investigation are deemed inadmissible in courts. This is because the law prevents the State to profit from its misdeeds. Indeed, a violation of such rights of a single person is already one too many. Therefore, to the issue whether or not it is in any legally and morally justified for the executive to set aside restrictions to its power made by the congress and the Constitution in the name of the "war of terror", the answer must be on the negative. On this point, the PBS special "Spying on the Home Front" reveals just how much the administration has brushed aside the legally recognized processes of investigation and surveillance to permit unprecedented access to personal communication among innocent American civilians. The National Security Agency (NSA) has been specifically designed to intercept dangerous communication with the hope of catching the criminals even before they take overt acts to carry out their plans (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). Accordingly, the agency at first followed the principle that investigations must exclude domestic correspondencesin other words it adopted a hands-off doctrine when it comes to civilians. However, in the last few decades and more so in light of the 9/11 terror attacks, the NSA, along with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used its expertise and tools to spy on the American people (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). A former NSA agent, confides that the agency has figured into several random acts of espionage of civilians without due authorization from the courts. The Watergate Scandal, for the first time, raises the issues on illegal intrusion activities done by the State. It is later discovered during the committee hearings that these agencies have been working together to look into documents, issuances, utterance and communications of a private nature, otherwise known as the Shamrock Operation (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). Consequently, this led to the drafting of a bill which sought to enjoin law enforcement and its specialized departments from tapping into phone lines and mail among others (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). Former NSA analysts Weaver and Connelly adumbrate the myriad ways that the NSA can sift through a mass of information across the Globe and collect them in databases for future retrieval. The exact metaphor used to describe NSA's capabilities is "sucking up voluminous information in the internet, phone and mail in one sweep in a process called full-scale data mining" (Spying on the Home Front, 2007). In this same process, NSA does not discriminate between illegal data and data produced by the average person. What it does is to grab at everything it can lay its hands on, and because the NSA has full access to co-terminal points of the web, this means that the amount of information that they can gather is almost just as every byte and nibble that is being produced in the entire network. Every person who is linked via the World Wide Web is no longer safe from the "Big Brother" tendencies of the State. Orwell's novel "1984" is a better metaphor to describe how the mandate of President Geo rge Bush to counter terrorism through intelligence efforts has spread in scope and extent far beyond what is originally intended. Speaking in behalf of and for the President, John Yoo argues that war changes everything; that by its nature, war "expands the power of the presidency and expands the power of the national government as a whole" (Interview with John Yoo, 2007). He invites us to rethink our traditional policies and take a shift in paradigm because the enemies that the state is against calls for an entirely different set of tactics. John Yoo, the mind behind the Patriot Act, is convinced that the power of the President can be expanded to cover new forms of state threats. He says that it is high time that Legislative and Judicial departments "pull down self-imposed restraints [] that had hamstrung our government from being able to track down and defeat Al Qaeda terrorist cells in our country" (Interview with John Yoo, 2007). In effect, what John Yoo is saying is that desperate times call for desperate measures. But where do you draw the line from desperation viz. restraint on certain liberties to abject disregard for a person's constitutionally protected rights? Another crucial problem in that sort of justification is that the agencies, whom the President granted full discretionary power in order that another terror attack can be prevented, have taken their obligation to protect the country far a-field the legal and moral provinces recognized by the Constitution, and turned it into a license to step on the private domains of the commerce of innocent civilians. As such, they comb the vast oceans of thought, information and conduct of every individual in one huge dragnet just to catch a number of criminals. A method deemed unconscionable to the average person and by the law. If there were anything that the terrorists have been more successful at other than the 9/11 attacks, is that they effectively set the United States into a flurry of acts that disregard the rule of law and the individuals. Indeed, terror of this kind on the home front surpasses any other, and the administration and state itself just happen to be the one perpetuating it. References Smith, H. & Young, R. (2007). Spying on the home front. 15 May 2007. PBS Special: Frontline. John Wilkes Studio. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/homefront/. Interview with John Yoo. (2007). 15 May 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/homefront/interviews/yoo.html.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Synoptic Healing Stories Of Demon Possession Religion Essay Essays

Synoptic Healing Stories Of Demon Possession Religion Essay Essays Synoptic Healing Stories Of Demon Possession Religion Essay Essay Synoptic Healing Stories Of Demon Possession Religion Essay Essay or signs ( sAâ€Å"meia ) , wonders ( monsters, ever used together with sAâ€Å"meia ) , and works ( erga ) . These footings turn our attending off from the fantastic component as such and stress the theological and symbolic character of Jesus earthly ministry[ 3 ] Alternatively of overtly showing the healings entirely as miracles , frequently holding the significance of violation ( of the Torahs of nature ) , the Gospel authors chose to portray them as Acts of the Apostless of will, a deliberate act to relieve agony. Remembering the Old Testament tradition, God is regarded as a therapist and mending powers originate from God. During their Egyptian imprisonment God tells Israel, I am the Lord, who heals you ( Exod. 15:26 ) Harmonizing to Keil and Delitzsch, it is clear that Jehovah made himself known to the people of Israel as their Doctor .[ 4 ]Certain prophetic figures in the Old Testament are besides portrayed as possessing the ability to mend. The Hebrew words related to mending root from the root  ¤ , which conveys the thought of doing something whole, whether a individual or object.[ 5 ]When mentioning to people, it ever relates to physical healing. It besides signifies Restoration.[ 6 ]Therefore the tradition of significance goes much beyond than a mere miraculous act. Therefore, the term healing as opposed to miracle is more appropriate.[ 7 ] Precedence of Mending Histories of Demon Possession The Gospel healing histories often portray mending as the projecting out of evil liquors from possessed persons. There is common understanding that a major part of Jesus ministry was devoted to mending the ill and executing dispossessions.[ 8 ]In so making early Christianity established a theoretical account of behavior for both sick person and the therapist. Multitudes of persons believing themselves possessed by dirty or evil liquors sought the aid of Jesus and his adherents. How can we understand this historical portraiture, its literary and behavioral world? Does it bear a correspondence to our modern preparation of crowd behavior and ownership? Despite the overplus of folklore or popular cultural portraiture of demon ownership, the Biblical narrations tend, with few exclusions, to be instead meagre in their inside informations sing these events. These inside informations may be found in narratives consisting the huge extra-Biblical tradition about demon ownership ; in comparing, nevertheless, Scriptural narratives of this phenomenon be given to be instead restrained. The repeat of the histories in more than one Gospel and their assortment and item points to the being of some undeniable facts as the footing for the religious healing in early Christianity. The presence of big witnessing groups in the assorted episodes supports the world of the events and argues against the pure innovation of the histories. Persons are wholly healed of their unwellnesss. However there is one case where a individual comes back to Jesus as the healing is non seemingly complete and Jesus heals him once more ( Mk 8:22-25 ) . There is a clear case where the Gospel authors have adhered to the historical genuineness of the histories without trying to conceal the awkward cases.[ 9 ]Osborne makes a important point to this terminal that, [ T ] he fact that the Synoptic histories were written down many old ages after the events does non do them needfully surmise, for as already stated the local colour is unusually faithful to the times of Jesus and shows indicants of acqua intance with the original events. [ 10 ] It is hard to chalk out the congruity of medical specialty and mending narratives. That Jesus understood and appreciated the ability to mend is evident in the Synoptic histories of the healing, even if there is no Biblical grounds to propose that Jesus lent much acceptance to the medicative humanistic disciplines of the twenty-four hours. Of the more than 40 recorded healings in the all the Gospels, three-fourthss of these are straight related to the physical or mental healing of the individual who requests intercession[ 11 ] However, there is merely non adequate information to determine the cause of the medical conditions in the Gospel acA ­counts, which are missing in descriptions of medical history and other item. In the terminal, it becomes hard to do any difficult and fast statements about JeA ­sus attitude toward medical healing as practiced by doctors based on the Gospel accounts entirely. This presents a practical job of kinds for anyone wishing to understand Jesus relationship to medicate: how to accommodate the evident neutrality of Jesus toward the medicinal coupled with his signifiA ­cant ministerial attending to the sick? For Jesus, the procedure of the mending instead than a quick-fix miracle seems to be more relevant. Why is this specific survey of mending narratives related to demon ownership and dispossession important? Geza Vermes provinces: Jesus himself defined his indispensable ministry in footings of dispossession and healing, but even if those words are non Jesus ain but the revivalist s, they reflect the house and consentaneous testimony of the whole Synoptic tradition. [ 12 ] If we turn to the Synoptic Gospel authors, even a brief study reveals how of import Jesus mending the demon-possessed was for them. For illustration, of the 13 mending narratives of Jesus in Mark s Gospel 1:29-31, 1:40-45 ; 2:1-12 ; 3:1-6 ; 5:21-43 ; 7:31-37 ; 8:22-26 ; 10:46-52 and 1:21-28 ; 5:1-20 ; 7:24-30 ; 9:14-29 the last four mentioned are healings of demon ownership. This makes the class of dispossession the most legion class of mending narrative in Mark. It is to be noted here that Theissen references evident differentiations between mending and dispossession, but holds that it is difficult to divide them.[ 13 ] Even though ( apart from Matthew 12:22/Luke 11:14 ) Matthew and Luke provide no excess elaborate narratives of dispossession they, like Mark, agree that dispossession was an of import facet of Jesus ministry and travel so far as to propose that Jesus traffics with the demon-possessed is of cardinal significance in understanding Jesus and his ministry. At least this is the instance on a first reading of Matthew 12:28/Luke 11.20: But if it is by the Spirit/finger of God that I cast out devils, so the Kingdom of God has come to you. Even within the Synoptic Gospels, many of the histories of demon ownership provide no information about its biological, psychological, or societal symptoms. The Syrophoenician adult female, for illustration, pleads with Jesus to mend a girl afflicted with a devil, but we learn nil of how this ownership is manifest in the kid ( Matthew 15: 21-28 ) . However, the Gospels do depict one instance with some grade of item in which the devil possessed individual clearly exhibits some signifier of psychological and societal disfunction. The narrative of the individual at Gerasenes appears in the three synoptic Gospels ( Matthew 8: 28-24 ; Mark 5: 1-17 ; Luke 8: 26-37 ) , but in Matthew, the narrative involves two individuals and non one. Other characteristics of the narratives are similar. In all three narrations, the demon-possessed are violent and unrecorded in the grave ; in Mark, he is shouting out and cutting himself with rocks ; in Luke, he roams about without vesture into lone topogra phic points ( 8:29 ) . In this case, the narrative of his dispossession is dramatic, non merely because of the unusual nature of his behavior, but because of the subsequent and curious drowning of a herd of hogs, and the local community s reaction to this healing, inquiring Jesus to go forth them. Therefore, in the New Testament entirely, devils ( I?I ±I?I?I?I? ) are referred to more than 100 times, with many of those mentions affecting ownership. This is peculiarly true of the Gospel histories where J. Ramsey Michaels goes farther and asserts: Nothing is more certain about the ministry of Jesus than the fact that he performed exorcisms. [ 14 ]It will besides be assumed that the devil ownership in the New Testament is of supernatural beginning and is hard to explicate simply on the footing of contemporary psychological research. Most of the Biblical instances seem to bespeak that these were nonvoluntary ownerships. The remainder of the New Testament Hagiographas do non incorporate descriptions of instances of demon ownership. Mention is, nevertheless, made in several topographic points to devils and diabolic powers ( 1 Timothy 4:1 ; Ephesians 6:12 ; James 2:19 ; and Revelation 9:20 and 16:14 ) . Unger notes that it is possibly non without significance that about all the instances of demon ownership are recorded as happening among the rude and half-Gentile populations of Galilee. [ 15 ] No instances are recorded in Jerusalem and merely one in Capernaum. The others were in rural subdivisions of Galilee, Gadera and in the parts of Tyre and Sidon and that of Caesarea Philippi. How are these descriptions to be considered? Virkler opines that there needs to be a hermeneutical distance that must be maintained in footings of the nature of demon ownership . He says, [ tungsten ] vitamin E have no warrant that the comparatively brief descriptions of demonically-caused symptomatology found in Bibles were meant to be considered normative illustrations of ownership across clip and civilizations. All that the narrative histories of demonisation found in the Gospels and Acts claim is that they are accurate descriptions of demonisation of that clip, non normative descriptions of demonisation that can be used for all succeeding coevalss. [ 16 ] So despite the evident importance of Jesus healings of the devil possessed in the Synoptic tradition, there is certain uneasiness in covering with these narratives in modern New Testament research, allow entirely wellness attention moralss. This is likely because the dispossession narratives stated to organize portion of the mending tradition of the Gospels carry particular troubles in that these narratives presuppose a belief in the being of devils or evil liquors. For the huge bulk of the modern universe such a belief is no longer possible nor is it necessary in the face of the progress in our cognition of our universe. Besides, every bit readily as there is a persuasion to compare mental unwellness with Biblical histories of demon ownership and its cure with dispossession, we are confronted with troubles of terrible mistiming, imposing modern classs to ancient informations and the really futility of such unscientific equations. Any cogency of such spiritual claims would be questioned by modern classs of scientific discipline. In a study more late conducted by the Mental Health Foundation in the UK, entitled Spirituality and Mental Health: Voices and Worlds found that individuals were said have been damaged by dispossession. The charity justly warned that the impression of diabolic ownership could be highly detrimental when linked to people with a label of mental unwellness and risked blending impressions of immorality and sick wellness. [ 17 ] If nevertheless, we digress off from the said equation, so we may overlook the suggestion that diabolic influence may be a ignored aetiological factor within a multifactorial theoretical account for the aetiology of mental upset as Chris Cook has suggested.[ 18 ]As Cook elucidates: If mental unwellness and demonization are non merely different names for, or different theoretical accounts of apprehension of the same thing, so we are left so with two possibilities. Either they are unrelated phenomena, or else there is some sort of association between them. Of class, even if they are unrelated, they may still be confused with each other because of superficial similarities. If they are related, nevertheless, we need to understand the nature of the connexion between them. Therefore, we may be faced with a differential diagnostic job. Either we need to separate which of these two entities we are covering with, or else we need to place which is the primary job which led to the other as a secondary complication . Alternatively, possibly we may necessitate to place a 3rd, independent, variable which gives rise to both demonization and mental unwellness.[ 19 ] Sometimes it is non ever easy to pull a clear line between profound spiritual or religious experiences, including seeing visions or hearing voices, and pathological provinces. The mental wellness of some of the Biblical writers, such as the prophesier Ezekiel and the writer of the Book of Revelation becomes questionable if modern psychological parametric quantities are used. It would be interesting to mention to the societal and cultural elements in diagnosing of mental unwellness, which gives another position in the handling of mental wellness service. In the Indian context, spiritualty and faith figure conspicuously in an apprehension of personal troubles and of the boundaries between normal and abnormal or between usual and debatable. Religious experiences and linguistic communication are frequently portion and package of the look of these troubles. Understanding both the person s cultural context and the context of one s ain pattern, so, is indispensable in doing judgements ab out spiritual or religious experiences that may be associated with subjective hurt or observed symptoms. In one civilization, an person who attributes his/her frights and enduring to the threatening or intrusive actions of unseeable liquors may be good within the scope of cultural acceptableness while in others it may clearly go against cultural outlooks. The individual s overall operation is besides a key to spoting the diagnostic significance of religious ideation, emotion, or behavior. Whereas modern readings have sometimes explained away or ignored histories of extrasensory healing, an increasing figure of bookmans peculiarly Borg, Crossan, Boyd, Klutz and others have used cross-cultural surveies of ownership and dispossession to put early Christian histories in a broader context.[ 20 ]One danger of this attack is that bookmans could disregard important differences among how assorted civilizations conceptualise or classify the experiences grouped together under these labels. A important benefit, nevertheless, is that they take us beyond our modern premises that prevent us from sympathetically hearing the ancient texts we are analyzing. Reading these ancient beginnings can convey us closer to how first century audiences understood many of these complaints and their symptoms and how Jesus negotiated the complex sociological deductions of these complaints in footings of conveying about mending in general and markedly, credence of individuals in peculiar. This may be an alternate to the ways that we intuitively read these texts. More by and large, nevertheless, the presently spread outing field of medical anthropology can spread out our cultural skylines in reading mending texts in the Gospels, as John Pilch has emphasised.[ 21 ]Graham Dwyer s anthropological research of supernatural affliction and its intervention in north India besides points out this country of disregard.[ 22 ] Ernst Troeltsch s suggestion of analogical associations may besides be utile. He suggests that, Analogy with what happens before our eyes and what is given within ourselves is the key to unfavorable judgment. Illusions, supplantings, myth formation, fraud, and party spirit, as we see them before our ain eyes, are the agencies whereby we can acknowledge similar things in what tradition hands down. Agreement with normal, ordinary, repeatedly attested manners of happening and conditions as we know them is the grade of chance for the happening that the critic can either admit truly to hold happened or leave on one side. The observation of analogies between past happenings of the same kind makes it possible to impute chance to them and to construe the 1 that is unknown from what is known of the other.[ 23 ] The analogical method of reading affirms the necessity of an extra-textual key while grammatical exegesis tried to work from within the text by analyzing its lingual devices and connexions. However, both methods, frequently applied at the same time, acknowledge the principal spread which exists between the text and the reader and which is to be bridged in the act of reading. Analogical exegesis has one point in its favor, viz. its ability to construe as symbolical all those transitions in the texts which, if taken literally, would go against the moral norms and feelings of the reader. The designation of modern-day parallels means that there can be a conversation between the yesteryear and the present manifestations which can be compared and decisions drawn. Given that these suggestions are valid and that fruitful comparings can be made and readings construed, it is an burdensome undertaking to decode the multiple Biblical narrations and descriptions of demon ownership. It is besides non within the range of the present survey to clarify the comparings of modern differentiations of mental unwellness and the Biblical analogues of mental unwellness. We are here fundamentally concerned with whether Jesus brush with demon ownership has values to be deduced for attention. Therefore two presuppositions in line with the declared methodological analysis can be brought to the text, that: Demon ownership may be understood as an undiagnosed aetiological factor in the many-sided causes of mental unwellness. Demon ownership as an analogy for mental unwellness given its common perceptual experience of stigma and impression of rejection attached to it. One could research these premises in well more item, but I introduce them as one country where Gospels bookmans have so far done merely limited research, yet where I believe that farther research could spread out our culturally conditioned scope of interpretative options. Besides it needs to be remembered as Marshall justly put it that, in the Synoptic healing narratives, [ H ] ealing of the organic structure is neer strictly physical, and the redemption of the psyche is neer strictly religious, but both are combined in the entire rescue of the whole adult male ( sic ) . [ 24 ]There are two constructs of any curative narrative at drama. The first conceives it as a magnetic presentation for the interest of spiritual propaganda, the 2nd one considers it a manner of making off with enduring. It is to make with the 2nd attack that Synoptic healing narratives fit into. Standards of Choice The transition refers to evident mental disablement. Healings affecting other types of disablements, such as disablements of a centripetal, or of unspecified beginning, were non included, since they point to a figure of different issues. The beginning of the disablement is expressed as demon ownership ( while emphasizing the correspondent nature instead than similarity with issues in mental unwellness ) . The transition refers to a peculiar person, instead than to herd or battalions, and therefore involves a direct brush between the affected person ( or a representative of the affected person ) and Jesus. Exposition of Selected Synoptic Healing Narratives This survey seeks to do a part to turn up the societal context of Jesus healing of individuals who were demon possessed and to the apprehension of Jesus healing attack. To get down with, the reported individuality of the demoniacs with whom Jesus came into contact may assist us see how Jesus might hold encountered them. Besides, cognizing the individuality of the demoniacs will lend to the apprehension of the focal point of Jesus ministry. It is presently popular to reason that ownership was caused or at least aggravated by societal tenseness and was a socially acceptable signifier of oblique protest against, or flight from, subjugation. Therefore, demoniacs are seen to be socially vagabond people, driven to the borders of society by the societal and economic crises in Palestine.[ 25 ]However, an scrutiny of the Gospel information modifies this position of the demoniacs with whom Jesus dealt and that non all were from the peripheries of society. The demoniac in the Capernaum temple ( Mk. 1:21-8 ) is described as holding an dirty spirit. The helter-skelter and unpredictable character of demoniacs could intend that at times the adult male may h old showed no inauspicious symptoms of his status. Or, the devil merely revealed itself when confronted by a religious enemy. In any instance, the Gospel tradition portrays a adult male, with no old symptoms of holding an dirty spirit, in the mainstream of Judaic society and take parting in the spiritual life of his community. The narrative of the adult male who was demon-possessed at Gerasenes ( Mk 5:1-20 ) reveals a different image. He lived on the borders of society among the graves, possibly populating in the burial caves. To be unclean meant he would hold been thought to be rejected by God ( californium. Isaiah 35:8 ) , unable to come in the Temple or take part in worship or spiritual repasts. That there had been unsuccessful efforts to keep him ( Mark 5.3-4 ) shows that one manner violent demoniacs were dealt with was by chaining them. The epileptic male child ( Mk 9:14-29 ) appears to hold remained with his household. He besides appears to hold been sufficiently governable for him to attach to his male parent to see the adherents of Jesus. Form critical analysis shows that most narratives follow the typical signifier of the mending narratives really closely: request-response-result.[ 26 ]Jesus is approached in the thick of a crowd by the individual in demand, who kneels before him and asks Jesus whether he is willing to mend him/her. On meeting Jesus, the demoniacs, whether in his presence or distance, de-identify with their pathological province of being and larn to re-identify the ego and state of head ( Mk 1:16, 18, 20 ) in conformity with positive feelings and constructs. The inexplicit quality of life has so been enhanced. This open show of such a province is certainly through whole healing. Yet this may be difficult to come by in present instances as stated earlier. It is in no manner to overlook the positive alteration of being that has been achieved by the individual in attention nevertheless minuscular betterment in his/her appraisal it may be. The function of passionate emotion has been highlighted as one of the cardinal factors in healing.[ 27 ]In such healings, the procedure by which the ego is transformed, enabling the individual to see integrity is clearly shaped by shared constructs and beliefs into which the ill individual is socialised, a procedure that is held to be effected by agencies of emotion, the activation of an emotional charge. However, although individuals in such healing surroundings seem to see emotion and are frequently portrayed as being so, this does non intend that it is present or that it is generated. What is deeply of import is that the emotion is generated or aimed at the unwellness steeping the individual or a peculiar unpleasant state of affairs instead than the individual himself/herself. Such emotions can be interpreted as unacceptance of the position quo and is geared at assisting the individual recover. Graham Dwyer s absorbing observations of evident devil ownerships and its intervention in North India in The Divine and the Demonic sheds priceless visible radiation on the bing context in India where tantriks and vaidyas engage as exorcists.[ 28 ]It is common topographic point in India that people journey to such Centres for intervention of mental unwellnesss. It is besides a reduplication that such afflictions have direct links to the subordination and marginality of individuals seeking remedies. Dwyer is doubting of such cures and sees the exposure of such individuals. He forthrightly locates the accusals of demon ownership as being contrived by the divinators.[ 29 ]It is interesting to observe here that the presiding divinity Balaji ( Hanuman ) of Mehndipur small town where Dwyer has based his research is frequently described as being full of compassion ( karuna ) , as one who removes agony, hurting and hurt. [ 30 ]However the procedure is far from the word karuna as it borders on maltreatment and misrepresentation. In contrast to this, Vermes comparative survey of Jesus mending gives an interesting position. He presents a elaborate survey of the different ways Jesus healed people harmonizing to the Gospel authors, and compares this healing to other Judaic therapists during the same clip period. Vermes thesis is that Jesus healing powers are different from his coevalss, who focused more on certain rites that had to be performed to do the healing work. He remarks: Was Jesus a professional exorcist of this kind? He is said to hold cast out many Satans, but no rite is mentioned in connexion with these accomplishments. In fact, compared with the esotericism of other methods, his ain, as depicted in the Gospels, is simplicity itself. Even in respect to healing, the closest he came to the Noachic, Solomonic and Essene type of remedy was when he touched the sick with his ain spit, a substance by and large thought to be medicative.[ 31 ] However, while Jesus healings were much simpler, Vermes argues there was case in point with the Prophetss of the yesteryear for these simpler healings. The form set by the miracle-working Prophetss Elijah and Elisha was foremost of all applied by post-Biblical tradition to other saints of the biblical yesteryear ; they, excessively, were credited with powers of mending and dispossession deducing non from conjurations and drugs or the observation of luxuriant rubrics, but entirely from address and touch. [ 32 ] Decision While reading the Synoptic healing narrations, it is of import to integrate apprehensions of demon ownership and religion that ancient readers might hold held in relation to finish healing. There may be culture-specific ways by which persons expressed their unwellnesss. This is done while maintaining in head and esteeming the on-going difficult work required for lovingness of individuals get bying with mental unwellness. Jesus performs many different sorts of healings in the Synoptic Gospels. However, non every healing is repeated in each Gospel. Some are described by one or two of the three Synoptics, and merely a smattering are discussed by all three. The mending narratives in peculiar Gospels and its analogues discussed here are chosen harmonizing to the cases where the value of compassion is most explicitly stated. Therefore single healing narrations are sometimes studied independently and parallel narratives are considered where appropriate. Some texts do non explicitly mention compassion. But Jesus finding to assist those in demand shows a great trade of inexplicit compassion. Here, in these cases, there is no expressed statement of the feelings of the therapist, but however is reflected in the really act of the therapist. The analysis and deduction of the healing narratives would seek to convey out the indispensable elements of compassion in the undermentioned chapter.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Cause and Effect of Sleep deprivation

I am a firm believer that many factors such as our culture, our upbringing, and beliefs that we were introduced to all affects what we do, how we live and even what we eat! People in China, Vietnam and Switzerland have been known to eat dogs for thousands of year, some as a source of survival during war and famine while others eat it as a cuisine meaning it is a part of their regular diet! I’ve even read somewhere that people in China have been known to say that a huge reason they consume dog meat is to keep them warm in the harsh winters! Have they heard of a jacket and hot coco? They don’t see it any different from eating cows and pigs, but someone like me thinks that is disgusting! I see people all the time whose treat their dog as their best friend, I’ve heard that when you begin to grow attached to your dog you soon see them as people. I could never imagine it being okay to eat a dog! Functionalism has a lot to do with this also when you come to think of it. This tradition has been the norm in these places for years! It wasn’t until recently that proposed laws have been presented to implement a law that bans the eating of cats and dogs. Americans are truly the people of the land of the free and are strong believers that a dog is a mans best friend, in my opinion. Beating, not feeding, and mistreating dogs are all violations of the law, neglect, and animal abuse! I could not even imagine hearing a story of someone eating one! It is common knowledge here that dogs are like people and should be treated as such and so they are not put on a dinner plate, at least the way I view things. I strongly feel that our individual believes and knowledge is the reason we eat what we eat, they are culturally relative in more ways that one. This definitely is a beautiful thing as everyone can be their own person and act how they feel but this causes cultural diversity conflict all the time! Take this scenario for instance; two people are meeting for a blind date and obviously know nothing about one another. It becomes time to order and the woman is disgusted by the menu because everything is meat and fat of the meat from some type of animal, see, she’s vegetarian. The woman loves animals and does not believe in eating them and this sparks a conversation. Do you think it’s a good one as her date has already ordered the number four, which is the half slab of baby back ribs with chicken shish kabobs, and a side of pork rings? I can imagine that she stormed out of there after giving him a good lecture. Though her actions are understandable they aren’t quite right. Ethnocentrism would be the perfect would to explain that situation! The woman thinks that he beliefs are the right ones and that the man is wrong for eating what he loves to eat! Ethnocentrism is when you believe that your culture, your beliefs are better than everyone else’s and only yours make sense! This is a big reason there is conflict within cultures. Instead of using cultural relativism and trying to understand others point of view or even just accepting it as their choice we fight for what we think is the right way, the only way. Interactionism helps us understand that our mind plays a role in our how what our body does including why we eat or don’t eat what we eat. I love dogs, so I would vomit at the thought of eating one. However, once again this doesn’t mean I should hate someone that eats it as a dish at home. Being open and understanding can truly help because just as the conflict theory states that there is a power struggle between cultures, these cultures have the power to become knowledgeable of one another and ultimately obtain culture relativism.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Information systems - Essay Example Since Nucor Steel believes staunchly in its customers, it is essentially taking care of everyone under this umbrella. These include the shareholders, the communities as well as the people who buy and use their products. At Nucor Steel, organizational culture plays a very significant role towards knowledge creation and knowledge sharing since these dictate the message which is sent out to the customers, shareholders and the general public that makes use of the product after they have bought it. This in turn affects the overall performance of the company because the customers form the basis of the company’s growth and development. Social capital is defined as the networks that are existent amongst the people who reside as well as work in a specific society which essentially allows the society to go about functioning in an effective and efficient way (Morden 1995). From a personal perspective, social capital allows the people to connect with one another on a one to one level whil e in a professional perspective; they work alongside one another to achieve common goals and objectives. This social capital premise therefore decides the manner under which their linkages are ensured in the long run. As an example, Nucor Steel likes its people to connect both on a personal as well as a professional perspective to derive harmony for the business which in turns means strategically aligned better performance models. 2. Traditional financial accounting falls short in measuring the value of a company, especially for assessing strategic value of knowledge and capabilities. Why? Describe how knowledge accounting such as balanced scorecard may be used to solve this problem. Traditional financial accounting has often fallen short of measuring the real value of the company and more so for the sake of determining the long term value of knowledge and its

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Objectives of GPFRs in AASB and IASB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Objectives of GPFRs in AASB and IASB - Essay Example It is to be noted that both the boards have set down the objectives of General Purpose Financial Reports on the different basis. The further sections of this report focus on the helpfulness of the objectives set down by International Accounting Standard Board to improve the general purpose financial report. There are several questions that have been raised regarding the usefulness of the objectives. A comparison of the objectives of both the Australian Accounting board and the International Accounting board is made to analyze which one of the two is better suited as objectives for the general purpose financial report. The next section deals with the meaning of general purpose financial report and helps understand the main reason why these reports are produced. General Purpose Financial Reports are prepared to focus on the requirements of users who require understanding the company’s financial status. This report provided the common information to users who cannot prepare speci fic information to meet their needs. There are a few financial entities that are authorized to prepare these reports. Since these reports are very general most of the time these reports focus on general information of the company which benefits only a few groups of people. The main users of General Purpose Financial Reports are divided into three main categories namely. Resource providers like employees, lenders, supplier, lenders, investors, etc. These groups of people are interested in knowing the financial status of the company to understand whether the resources provided are being put to efficient use and if the company is performing economically, efficiently and effectively (CPA Australia, 2002). Recipient of goods and services like consumers, customers, or any person benefiting from the goods or services provided by the reporting entity.  

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Synthesis Essay Example for Free

Synthesis Essay In Barbara Ehrenreich’s work of fiction called Serving in Florida, she describes the struggles of an average waitress trying to survive a minimum wage job. In this work, the speaker reveals how workers are not allowed breaks and â€Å"for six to eight hours in a row, you never sit except to pee† (pg. 3). She also talks about the physical pain she’s in from carrying trays saying â€Å"I start tossing back drugstore-brand ibuprofens as if they were vitamin C† (p. 4). Even with all this painstaking work, the speaker can only afford to live in a dingy trailer park because she is working off of minimum wage. As shown by the chart titled Poverty Rate Rises, the number of people living below the poverty line in 2010 was 15. 1% and it continues to increase. People are working hard as shown in Ehrenreich’s Serving in Florida, yet many are unable to rise above the poverty line because minimum wage is too low. The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, and nothing helpful is being done to end this. In the satire titled â€Å"Gap Between Rich and Poor Named 8th Wonder of the World†, the author shows his disapproval of the gap through sarcasm. The author describes how many people have attempted to cross the gap but â€Å"only a small fraction have ever succeeded and many have died in the attempt† (para. 11). This sarcastic quote brings out the point that very few are able to rise above poverty and be successful. The author describes how the gap has been preserved â€Å"due to a small group of dedicated politicians and industry leaders† (para. 12). This quote means that because of wealthy politicians and selfish industry leaders who do not want to pay their employees more, the minimum wage is not raised, and the gap remains. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is another satiric piece of work about how England should handle the increasing poverty in Ireland in 1729. Though this was written many years ago, it is still relevant now, because like the English, our government is doing little to help the poor. Swift presents his solution to the hunger problem in Ireland. He suggests that a child is â€Å"most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food† (p. 395). In this essay, Swifts explains how children should be sold as food and that would solve many problems. Swift shows how insensitive and ignorant the government and the wealthy can be of the impoverished population. Instead of resorting to eating children, the minimum wage should be raised so people do not have to worry about how they will be able to afford food and other necessities for survival. The minimum wage should be raised so Americans can live a comfortable life and not worry about where they are going to get their next meal from or where they are going to sleep that night. The evidence provided showed how hardworking Americans deserve to have a higher minimum wage because that is the only way they can live without struggle.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Religion Accroding to Class Structure :: Islam Religion Religious Class Essays

Religion Accroding to Class Structure In The Arab World: Society, Culture and State, Halim Barakat discusses the effect religion has on society within the Arab world. â€Å"Religion is the most significant force shaping Middle Eastern societies,† For Barakat (119). This is because religion is both revolutionary and pacifying. The Middle East is divided into rigid social and economic structures, which creates tension between upper and lowers classes. One tries to perpetuate a system of inequality, which forces the other to cope with poverty. Religion is used to serve the needs of both classes, â€Å"to repress and to resist repression,† in this way (130). The duality of religion can help explain the way modern societies in the Middle East function. Over the course of time, â€Å"Islamic conquests resulted in the accumulation of a great deal of money in the hands of Muslims, so they lost the purity of the prophet† (133). This divided society into classes: the rich were content with their status but the poor were not. Religion was used to,perpetuate the rich’s existence as a class. The economic hardship the poor faced was justified through religion and the possibility of a better afterlife. Egypt’s twenty four districts, for example, were divided between the king, the military and the princes, leaving no land for the people. To justify his class’ status, the king told the people they did have land: â€Å"It was the twenty fifth district, and its place is in the kingdom of heaven† (134). In this instance the king used religion as a â€Å"coercive and repressive force,† to serve his intentions (129). Rationalizing the poor’s poverty and the rich’s power through religion wa s a way Muslim rulers â€Å"legitimize(d) and maintain(ed) the prevailing order† (129). The way classes in the middle east practice religion is highly illustrative of class difference. Barakat makes a distinction between what he labels â€Å"official religion,† and â€Å"popular religion†: the former is practiced in rich, urban areas, and the latter in less affluent, rural ones (126). He says official religion stresses the value of strict interpretations of religious texts, monotheism, an absence of intermediaries between believers and God, and a close connection between religion and the ruling class. Popular religion, on the other hand, values interpretations of religious texts, personified sacred forces, spiritual inner selves, and does seek intermediaries between believers and God. Religion Accroding to Class Structure :: Islam Religion Religious Class Essays Religion Accroding to Class Structure In The Arab World: Society, Culture and State, Halim Barakat discusses the effect religion has on society within the Arab world. â€Å"Religion is the most significant force shaping Middle Eastern societies,† For Barakat (119). This is because religion is both revolutionary and pacifying. The Middle East is divided into rigid social and economic structures, which creates tension between upper and lowers classes. One tries to perpetuate a system of inequality, which forces the other to cope with poverty. Religion is used to serve the needs of both classes, â€Å"to repress and to resist repression,† in this way (130). The duality of religion can help explain the way modern societies in the Middle East function. Over the course of time, â€Å"Islamic conquests resulted in the accumulation of a great deal of money in the hands of Muslims, so they lost the purity of the prophet† (133). This divided society into classes: the rich were content with their status but the poor were not. Religion was used to,perpetuate the rich’s existence as a class. The economic hardship the poor faced was justified through religion and the possibility of a better afterlife. Egypt’s twenty four districts, for example, were divided between the king, the military and the princes, leaving no land for the people. To justify his class’ status, the king told the people they did have land: â€Å"It was the twenty fifth district, and its place is in the kingdom of heaven† (134). In this instance the king used religion as a â€Å"coercive and repressive force,† to serve his intentions (129). Rationalizing the poor’s poverty and the rich’s power through religion wa s a way Muslim rulers â€Å"legitimize(d) and maintain(ed) the prevailing order† (129). The way classes in the middle east practice religion is highly illustrative of class difference. Barakat makes a distinction between what he labels â€Å"official religion,† and â€Å"popular religion†: the former is practiced in rich, urban areas, and the latter in less affluent, rural ones (126). He says official religion stresses the value of strict interpretations of religious texts, monotheism, an absence of intermediaries between believers and God, and a close connection between religion and the ruling class. Popular religion, on the other hand, values interpretations of religious texts, personified sacred forces, spiritual inner selves, and does seek intermediaries between believers and God.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Marketing ethics

To begin this paper I would first give a definition of what Marketing Ethics is. From what I have gathered â€Å"Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing.† (www.wikipedia.org). It is common knowledge that the area of ethics is rather wide. People sometimes confuse ethics with that of morality. Thus, a distinction may be called upon in order to understand things better. Ethics is vaster than that of morality.Ethics is the study of values and customs of a group of people. Ethics is divided into three parts, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Of the three, marketing ethics is under applied ethics. Now, when one talks about morality a clear distinction must be made between ethics and morality. By morality, one means simply a concept under ethics which dwells with matters of right and wrong.Having made the distinction let us now go on to what is meant by applied ethics from w hence marketing ethics is a part. Applied ethics is something which aims to apply theoretical ethics such as utilitarianism, Kantianism among many others to real world dilemmas. (www.wikipedia.org). Such is one of the purposes of this paper. Upon closely examining the way Subway operates we will then go on to look and to evaluate from two different ethical perspectives whether Subway is doing something unethical or not.In this paper I choose two contrasting ethical frameworks that of Utilitarianism and Kantianism, to examine the way Subway operate according to these two ethical standards. I will now move on to introducing the side of the two ethical issues.The philosopher Immanuel Kant developed Kantianism. His ethics is called deontological because it revolves primarily around duty. All actions should be done according to duty because it is what we â€Å"ought to† do. For Kant, all humans are rational being and thus humans ought to know what is good and what is bad which can be seen on his idea of categorical imperative. This is what I meant earlier by doing something because you â€Å"ought to† do it.It is categorical imperative because you have no other choice but to do it, thus the term â€Å"ought†. Kant pays little respect for things done out of emotion or feelings, thus for him, saving a drowning child out of pity is not a moral thing to do. The only moral thing for him are things done out of duty. According to Kant the consequence of an action holds no bearing in making it a moral act. For him humans are different from other animals because of our faculty of reason. Thus, we must treat each and everyone with respect simply on the grounds that s/he is human and thus one does not deserve and should not be treated simply as a means towards an end.The second ethical framework I chose is utilitarianism. In utilitarianism the moral worth of an action is determined by the utility it has to offer. It is the exact opposite of Kantianism in that for a utilitarian sacrificing a person to achieve a better end is not bad. If an action would produce the betterment of the many then it is okay for them to sacrifice a few if such is the only way to save more people. For example, if the world is taken over by aliens and the only way to save it is to offer the hearts of twenty very young children as a sacrifice and to appease the intruders so that they would leave us alone, then the action the world must take, for a utilitarian, is to do the offering as soon as possible.There is no room for pity or the like if such would be the only means there is to save the world. The rights of the twenty chosen children to live would be overridden by the lives of the remaining population of the world. Such is the way a utilitarian point of view operates. Also, for a utilitarian the unique ability of humans is their ability to feel pleasure and pain. So, for a utilitarian the moral thing to do is one that would produce the higher amount of pl easure. The utilitarians believe that the end justifies the means. Seeing the philosophy utilitarians live by one must clearly see that it is the exact anti-thesis of Kantianism.Before analyzing the marketing strategy of Subway one must first have a background of what Subway is. Subway is a multinational restaurant franchise. The foods they offer are mainly that of salads and sandwiches. Subway, a health restaurant which is very concern over diet and nutrition, is founded in 1965 by Fred de Luca and Peter Buck. Subway is very famous and very successful worldwide even though the foods they offer are rather expensive. Their success may be attributed to the fact that they know or they try to know the mentality of their customers. The restaurant is very health conscious which a very common trend is nowadays, with everyone trying their best in order not to be overweight.Having discussed the two ethical frameworks I would later use on this paper, I would now move on to the evaluation of t he marketing strategy of Subway. To begin, I would first give a lay-out of how subway does their marketing. I have read one article of how subway did some of its marketing. On this particular article Subway chose a rather unique form of advertising which shocked and enraged Americans. They managed to enrage the Americans by promoting the film â€Å"Super Size Me† and by using as an advertisement the fat statue of Liberty holding some burgers and fries with a bold headline saying â€Å"WHY ARE AMERICANS SO FAT?† Of course the Americans are known to be people who show great value on their prides thus the advertisement caused them to get mad. There are Americans who believes that the advertisement is immoral.Looking at an unbiased point of view I think that what Subway did is of course insensitive and a little off the mark. However, companies would do everything in their power in order to attract more customers. For that, I would say that Subway indeed succeeding in doing their marketing strategy by catching the eye of the public. In this regard, I would say that Subway did their marketing on a utilitarian basis. What made me think so would be discussed later on this paper.Analyzing what Subway did in the point of view of a believer of the Kantian theory, a Kantian would say that what subway did is not acceptable because they treated the Americans as a means to achieve their end which for a Kantian is a crime. For a Kantian, Subway failed to treat the Americans with the respect due to them as individuals. No matter how great the end result would have been for Subway, fact remains that they used others to obtain their end and it is not acceptable. In a Kantian point of view Subway did something wrong.On a utilitarian point of view however, they would say that if the act Subway did promote greater utility for the most number of people, then Subway could not have did something immoral. Since what they did produced good result then their act is morally acceptable and thus should not be condemned.Subway wishes to attract kids and tweens for their customers. They are promoting healthy food because they are promoting something about anti-obesity. According to Michelle Cordial, â€Å"children don’t want to eat healthy foods although they are talking about healthy food in school†. Teenagers, which make up a large number of their customers, are very much concern with the way they look and they are very much disturbed and conscious with their physical appearance and so I think that Subway chose to promote healthy but delicious food in order to appease and to please teenagers.As for the kids of younger age, I think that their advertisement and their promotion of healthy food are in order to please the parents. As a parent they would want their children to eat healthy foods and which restaurant offers healthy foods if not Subway? I think that something to that effect must be going on, on the minds of those responsible for the decisions being made in the management of Subway. I mentioned earlier that the target market of Subway is teenagers and children.How do they aim to do that? Subway did that by thinking of catchy promos which their clients cannot resist. Such promos includes getting key chains and lanyards on their Kids’ Pak meal and value meals and giving a promo from where one may win a chance to have a trip for six to Vans’ Triple Crown of Surfing competitions which would be held on Hawaii from November-December. It is normal for businessmen to improve the market of their products by thinking of promos which their clients cannot resist. Of course, Subway claims to be different from McDonald, KFC and the like.I think they made that claim because it is common knowledge that foods from such restaurants or fast food chains are high in cholesterol and thus expose their clients into the state of being fat. Claiming to be the same as the fast food chains I mentioned above would contradict the earlier claim made by Subway that they promotes healthy food now, wouldn’t it? I have mentioned earlier that such marketing strategy is very useful because it greatly appeals to their target clients.Of course, Subway is very successful because they are living up to their standards and because they are capable of thinking of gimmicks which would work and which would appeal greatly to their customers. In this line, I think that the strategy used by Subway is great because it helps attain what they set out to attain. I don’t think that Subway made an unwise choice by opening a branch in Iraq. Of course, before embarking upon a certain project a businessman must first check the location, the population and the like in order to see if their products would be accepted in a certain location or not and thus I think that their decision to open a branch there is made on rational grounds and thus not foolish.As I have mentioned earlier, Subway is doing very great strategy in that they always try to know their customers. Thus, needless to say their menu varies from one country to another. If they open a branch in a Muslim country, they would omit pork and ham from their menu. Because of this great sensitivity for their customers, I would not have any doubts whatsoever over their success on Iraq. Subways decision to do â€Å"Giant Subs†, dependent on the customers likes and dislikes shows their sensitivity and the way they value their customers and because of this it is no wonder that Subway is very successful.However, as most businesses are, Subway does have its critics. Eric Schlosser is at odds with the way Subway does their franchising, criticizing the way Subway competes with its competitors. Schlosser does not agree with the way Subway selected its position in order to better compete with their competitors. I’ve also read something about Subway fooling their customers.In the article it is said that Subway is being criticized by nutriti onists despite the fact that Subways front is that they are a health restaurant. The criticisms can be clearly seen in this line, â€Å"Subway sells ‘trick food’ and hides the fact that many of its food items contain high levels of calories, fooling customers by the ‘less than 6 grams of fat’ signs commonly shown in ads or in stores worldwide.† (www.wikipedia.org).I would not condemn Subway for the way they operates because such things are common in businesses. Somehow, businessmen can’t help but make a fool of their clients by giving and showing them what they want to see. It is part of business to appear to be something they are not and I don’t think, not even for a minute, that Subway alone does such tricks.Also, the way Subway competes did not bother me for a minute because I believe that that is what business is all about – competition. Upon analyzing Subway, I came into the conclusion that Subway lives by the maxim â€Å"t he end justifies the means† and thus my belief that they are utilitarians. The cunning Subway showed in fooling their customers made me reflect about a certain philosopher I know named Niccolo Machiavelli. Surely the idea to pretend to be something you’re not if it would keep you in your position originated from Machiavelli himself. Now, these things made me think that not only politicians alone read Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince†. It is very evident that businessmen got some advice from the great Machiavelli.I have made the claim that Subway is more of a utilitarian than a Kantian because of the reasons I have mentioned earlier in this paper. A Kantian would not, even for a second, put profits or benefits over the rights of an individual. Thus, I think Subway is very much a Utilitarian because it is evident in their action that they gives utmost importance to the consequences of their actions. If fooling a customer would yield better profit for them then they would not feel the slightest twinge of remorse upon fooling their customers.Also if people or rather their customers feels safer by eating in Subway even though their show that their products are health foods are nothing but a mere faà §ade then they should still go through it for the reason that it causes or it promotes more pleasure than pain or happiness than suffering. Since, their customers would not want to eat risky foods which would make them fat and would cause them great displeasure then the decision of Subway to fool their customers is not bad, at least for a utilitarian.Having made this paper, I therefore conclude that Subway lives more on a code of ethics which values the consequences of an action. The said ethics is called Utilitarianism. Thus, upon conclusion, Subway lives in the maxim â€Å"the end justifies the means†.Reference:http://www.echeat.com/http://www.chiefmarketer.com/division/consumer-marketing/http://www.subway.com/en-ushttps://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Main_Page Marketing Ethics Marketing Activities —–Groupon Hong Kong Groupon is a deal a day websites, it provides a newly developed business model that offer group coupon per day. The companies provide the coupon of services and products with discount and it works as assurance contract. That means only if the number of people who sign up for the group coupon meet the minimum, the deal will become available. However, there are sharply increasing number of the complaints against the products of the group buying websites in Hong Kong .Groupon Hong Kong as the biggest group buying company, still being criticized as companies without ethical marketing in Hong Kong. This essay has facilitated the discovery of the ethics of Cadbury’s marketing activities. The discussion is mainly focused on marketing ethical of the products of the Groupon Hong Kong. The products will be analyzed based two ethical values which are responsibility and transparency with according to American Marketing Association (AM A). http://hk. apple. nextmedia. com/template/apple/art_main. php? ss_id=20110701&sec_id=4104&art_id=15391305 Responsibility: Groupon Hong Kong failed to accept the consequence of their marketing decision and strategies. On early September Groupon Hong Kong offers group coupon that customers only need to pay 148 for buying Mint Design shoes which priced $400 in the market. However, it fails to provide products to customers within the committed date as the product was shock out. Although there are many customers claimed to refund, the Groupon did not give any properly responds to customers.Instead of refund to customer Groupon offer another model shoes to customers and titled â€Å"upgraded service† without any reason and the agreement of the customers. (Apple Daily Newspaper 2011) The Groupon fail to provide products as they did not set the limit for the coupon appropriated with the inventory of the Mint Design and refuse to deal with the customers’ complaints. Instead of serve the customers to refund; the Groupon forced the customer to accept another â€Å"upgraded product†. According to AMA, it is unethical for Groupon simple ignore the customers’ claim and force them to accept another product.Transparency: http://hk. apple. nextmedia. com/template/apple/art_main. php? iss_id=20110924&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=11867&art_id=15643242 Groupon Hong Kong also failed to create a spirit of openness in marketing operations. Customers MS Ng claims it is different to make appointment for enjoy the service which purchased through Groupon Hong Kong. However, she can easily make the appointment for the service in the same shop as a normal customer who paid for origin price. The Kinki Nail Professional said that they set limited quota daily for the Groupon Hong Kong’s customers.However, the Groupon did not disclose this to customers (Apple Daily Newspaper 2011). According to the AMA, companies have to explain and disclose the risk of the pro duct or service which can determine customers to make the purchase decision. However, Groupon transparent insufficient information about the risk of failure for making booking for the service as the quota set by the suppliers. It is unethical in terms of transparency for group disclose insufficient information. http://hk. apple. nextmedia. com/template/apple/art_main. php? ss_id=20110924&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=11867&art_id=15643242 From above information, it shows that marketing activities are ethical in term of responsibility and transparency. There are increased From my point of view, the Groupon as a leading company in group buying websites should be more responsible for customer needs. Also, Groupon as an intermediate between suppliers and customers, it is necessary for further communication with suppliers. This can help Groupon to provide accurate and comprehensive information of the products and services to customers.