Origins of Behaviorism Essay - 1714 Words

Origins of Behaviorism Behaviourism originated with the work of John B. Watson from 1913. Behaviourism is based on the following sets of claims: (1) Psychology is the study of behaviour. Psychology is not the science of mind. This statement also forms a type of behaviourism: â€Å"Methodological† behaviourism claims that psychology†¦show more content†¦Later, he turned to the study of human behaviors and emotions. Until World War I, he collaborated his studies with Adolph Meyer. After the war he resumed his work at Johns Hopkins University. He wanted to develop techniques to allow him to condition and control the emotions of human subjects. Watson made the notorious claim that, given a dozen healthy infants; he could determine the adult personalities of each one, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors. While making such a claim seems ridiculous today, at the time, many people found it threatening. (2) Behaviour can be described and explained without making reference to mental events or too internal psychological processes. The sources of behaviour are external (in the environment), not internal (the mind). This is a research program within psychology, called â€Å"Psychological† behaviourism. It purports to explain human and animal behaviour in terms of external physical stimuli, responses, learning histories and reinforcements. Psychological behaviourism’s historical roots consist, in part, in the classical associations of the British Empiricists (John Locke and David Hume) according to classical associationism, intelligent behaviour is the product of associative learning. As a result of associations or pairings between perceptual experiences or stimulations on theShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism And The First American Psychological Revolution963 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism Behaviorism has been a topic of many controversies in the early stages of developing. This paper will present a synthesis of several articles discussing behaviorisms and its development through various schools of theories, in addition known researchers and conclusions. The first article that illustrates behaviorism is, â€Å"Behaviorism at 100† by Ledoux (2012), which details the last 50 years of the study of behaviorism. The next article is â€Å"Behaviorism† by Moore (2011), maps the beginningRead MoreAnalysis Of Body And Mind Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesProblem†, which is an effort to understand what human mental states are and how they relate to our physical bodies: 1) Mind-Body Dualism asserts that the mind is nonphysical with private states while the body is physical with public states; 2) Behaviorism tries to resolve the problem by observing human behavior and relating that to mental thoughts and states; 3) Mind-Brain Identity asserts that the mi nd is the brain and that mental states are neurological; 4) Functionalism describes mental statesRead MoreThe Philosophers Who Contrubuted to the Development of Behaviorism891 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism has its roots as far back as the ancient Greeks. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE), known as the father of medicine, developed humorism consisting of four humors that corresponded with four temperaments. Physicians and philosophers used this model with its four temperaments for many long years. Socrates (469-339 BCE), Plato (427-347 BCE), and Aristotle (385-322 BCE) are often spoken of together due to the unique relationship they shared. Aristotle was the student of Plato, who was intern theRead MoreA Research Study On Learning Theory Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the exact origins of the instructional design process can be introduced as an application attempt to general systems theory for an approach to accomplish learning tasks and solving instructional problems (Reiser Dempsey, 2012, p. 8). Some other models are basically based in behaviorism, although behaviorism is frequently referred to as a B. F. Skinner and stimulus-response theoretical model. The Burton, Moore, and Magliaro (1996) model was widely defined as behaviorism with philosophicalRead MoreThe Theory of Behaviorism900 Words   |  4 Pagesmental and emotional processes† (Press, 2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all behaviors are learned habits and changes in response to the environment. It endeavors to explain how these particular habits are formed. Behaviorism claimed that the causes of behavior was not necessarily found in the complexitiesRead MoreCompetency Based Education Has Changed Throughout The Last Decade1579 Words   |  7 Pagesexploration of its origins, theoretical basis, and empiric al evidence by Anne Mette Morcke, Tim Dornan, and Berit Eika. This article helped me understand the effects, and history of competency-based learning. In this paper I will summarize the thoughts of Morcke et al, explain my point of view, and provide evidence on how this method can be useful in a high school setting. Outcome (competency) based education article summary Morcke, Dornan and Eika, composed an article about the origins, theoreticalRead MoreBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pagesis also known as behavioral neuroscience, got its start in the later part of the 19th century, (Kowalski, R. amp; Western, D. 2009). A psychology enthusiast by the name of William James became interested in biology after reading Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species. James questioned Darwin’s theories and tested each presumption. The performance of doing so resulted in the formal school of biological psychology. James studied the possibility of a psyche that dealt with our perception of life as wellRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagestherapy, education of student-centered learning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focuses on the conditioning process that produces behavior. Humanistic psychology focuses on the persons potential toRead MoreThe Four Paradigms Of The Four Major Paradigms Of Psychology968 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality and the evolution of humanity. Four Paradigms of Psychology NATURE-Psycho-analytic/dynamic-Social-Cognitive-Behavioral-Humanism-NURTURE Psycho-analytic/dynamic Theory1 There are several theories of personality, each of which owes its origin to Sigmund Freud (Rathus, 2015). Every theory teaches that personality is primarily characterized by internal or external conflicts. Certain drives like sex, aggression, and the need for superiority come into conflict with laws, social rules, andRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 PagesExamples of two psychology sub-disciplines are cognitive and behaviorism psychology. Notably, behaviorism has its origin from the learning theory whereby it utilizes certain concepts such as classical and operant conditioning. On the other hand, cognitive psychology encompasses the scientific investigation of various mental processes namely decision making, judgment, problem solving, attention, perception, and memory (Plante, 2011). Behaviorism Psychology In principle, the behaviorist perspective’s foundation

Plagiarism And Collusion Plagiarism - 2910 Words

Assignment One Cover Sheet This sheet must be completed and attached to the assignment by all students unless otherwise instructed. PLEASE COMPLETE 1. Student ID RAJPRD1501 Student Name Pathum Rukshan Sarathchandra Rajakaruna Mudalige Class Time / Day Thursday Afternoon Assignment Due Date Friday 21 of August 2015 PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION †¢ Plagiarism occurs when a student attempts to pass off as their own work, the work of another, without any acknowledgement as to its authorship or source. †¢ Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work. †¢ A definition of plagiarism/collusion†¦show more content†¦This assured requirement forms an inherent dependency on interconnected networking which is known as internetworking. Internetworks, or the Internet, allow for the remote supplying of IT resources to the people and are directly helpful in network access in far and wide. Cloud consumers can access the cloud using only private and dedicated network links in LANs, although most clouds are Internet-enabled. The Cloud platforms generally grows in parallel with improvement in Internet connectivity and service quality, which leads to its potentiality. 2 . Data Center Technology This allows arranging IT resources in close proximity with one another, instead of keeping them geographically distributed. This allows for power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and enhanced accessibility for IT personnel. These are the benefits that naturally popularized the Data Center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and software systems. Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components: †¢ Virtualization †¢ Standardization and Modularity †¢ Automation †¢ Remote operation and Management †¢ Security – Aware design, operation and Management 3 . Virtualization Technology In computing, virtualization means to create a virtual version of a resource or device, like a server, storageShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Plagiarism And Collusion. Plagiarism4014 Words   |  17 PagesEswar Muraharisetty, Maneesh Chatamoni, Rohita Gongada UNIT CODE: SEB724 UNIT CHAIR: Dr Arun Patil ASSIGNMENT NAME: Engineering Leadership DUE DATE: 06/10/2014 Plagiarism and collusion Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgment as to its authorship, the work of any other person. Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignmentRead MorePmbok Integration and Scope Management1044 Words   |  5 Pagesoccasions an assignment gets lost in the system. In such a case you must be able to provide another copy. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is the presentation by a student of an assignment that has been copied in whole or in part from another student’s work, or from any other source (e.g. published books or periodicals or internet sites) without proper acknowledgment in the text. COLLUSION Collusion is the presentation by a student of an assignment, as his or her own which is in fact the result in wholeRead MorePlagiarism And The Ethics Of Plagiarism926 Words   |  4 Pagesand parents have heard the term â€Å"plagiarism† while talking about writing essays, poems, and other works. Plagiarism is defined as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own† by Merriam-Webster dictionary. While plagiarism may be denoted as stealing one’s work without credit, a more vast and broad definition usually applies to college level work. Every college and university has their own handbook and code of conduct on what exactly â€Å"plagiarism† is defined as, and what are theRead More The Problems of Plagiarism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism is an academic misconduct in which students use someone’s ideas or information in their work without proper referencing. While western culture insists that sources of words, ideas, images, sounds be documented for academic purposes, â€Å"plagiarism is now recognized as a serious problem especially in university where students are just copying words from web sites or someone else’s work† (The Owl At Purdue, 2007 ). According to East (2006, p.16), â€Å"many Australian universities are now developingRead MoreStrategic Management and Leadership Skills1089 Words   |  5 Pagesvery long quotations, by means of wholly indented paragraphs. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotations by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that unidentified and un-referenced copying both constitutes plagiarism which is a very serious offence Learner signature_______________________________ Date / / BTEC assignments 2011  ©LAHE 1. For CEOs and many other Senior Executives in your company, strategic leadership is an important role which theyRead More`` Integrity Is The Essence Of Everything Successful `` By Richard Fuller1091 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the ideal of academic integrity, the first step is knowing what incompatible practices constitute as cheating. One of the biggest examples of these incompatible practices is plagiarism. Plagiarism can be summarized as â€Å"the act of taking another’s work or ideas and issuing them as one’s own† (Plagiarism). Plagiarism encompasses several different acts, from straight copying and pasting to absent citations to lack of reference when developing an idea from their research. It is one of the most commonRead MoreAcademic Misconduct Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesSometimes during high school there are many things that’s teenagers get involved in. One of those is time management. Plagiarism is one way us teenagers can get our hom ework done faster. Since the internet plagiarism has been increasing overtime. We really need to think about the consequences for that. According, to Griffith University (Australia) there are many different kinds of plagiarism. †¢ Presenting a submitting another student’s paper as one’s own. †¢ Paraphrasing an author’s words without properRead MorePlagiarism Is Not The Right Way903 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism has been around for a long time, nowadays it’s easier to tell if someone plagiarizes. Plagiarism is not the way to go it is not worth the risk and definitely has it consequences. Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the thoughts of another author without authorization and passing it as your own (Dictionary.com). Plagiarism is the work of those who are not willing to put in the time and effort it takes to write original content. Which can be a form of cheatingRead More211040882 MAA753 Assignment 1685 Words   |  3 Pagesdelete as necessary) Plagiarism and Collusion Plagiarism occurs when a student passes off as the student’s own work, or copies without acknowledgement as to its authorship, the work of another person. Collusion occurs when a student obtains the agreement of another person for a fraudulent purpose with the intent of obtaining an advantage in submitting an assignment or other work. Work submitted may be reproduced and/or for the purpose of detecting plagiarism and collusion. â€Å"I certify that theRead Moresales development and Merchandising Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagescertificate in the event of you being sick. Any act of plagiarism and collusion will be seriously dealt with according to the regulations. In this context the definition and scope of plagiarism are presented below: ‘Plagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include1: the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without

Concrete Operations Stage Free Essays

Concrete operations are the third stage of Piagetian cognitive development, during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking (Papalia p. 351). The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. We will write a custom essay sample on Concrete Operations Stage or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were fairly good at the use of inductive logic. Inductive logic involves going from a specific experience to a general principle. On the other hand, children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic, which involves using a general principle to determine the outcome of a specific event. This stage is also characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. Egocentrism is Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought (Papalia p. G-3). During this stage, the child has the ability to master most types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. Conservation is the realization that quantity or amount does not change when nothing has been added or taken away from an object or a collection of objects, despite changes in form or spatial arrangement. The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the child’s ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series. The child is capable of concrete problem-solving. Categorical labels such as â€Å"number† or â€Å"animal† are now available to the child. The first, and most discussed, of these limitations is egocentrism. The pre-operational child has a â€Å"’self-centred’ view of the world† (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 2003, p. 399), meaning that she has difficulty understanding that other people may see things differently, and hence hold a differing point of view. Piaget’s classic test for egocentrism is the three mountains task (Piaget and Inhelder, 1956), which concrete operational thinkers can complete successfully. A second limitation which is overcome in the concrete operational stage is the perceptual domination of one aspect of a situation. Before the stage begins, the child’s perception of any situation or problem will be dominated by one aspect; this is best illustrated by the failure of pre-operational children to pass Piaget’s conservation tasks (Piaget and Inhelder, 1974). Perhaps the most important limitation, yet the most difficult to describe and measure, is that of the turn to logical operators. A pre-operational child will use mostly simple, heuristic strategies in problem solving. Once a child reaches the concrete operational stage, they will be in possession of a completely new set of strategies, allowing problem solving using logical rules. This new ability manifests itself most clearly in children’s justifications for their answers. Concrete operational thinkers will explicitly state their use of logical rules in problem solving (Harris and Butterworth, 2002). This area also indicates the way in which the concrete operational stage can be negatively defined; although children can now use logical strategies, these can only be applied to concrete, immediately present objects. Thinking has become logical, but is not yet abstract. These shifts in the child’s thinking lead to a number of new abilities which are also major, positively defined characteristics of the concrete operational stage. The most frequently cited ability is conservation. Now that children are no longer perceptually dominated by one aspect of a situation, they can track changes much more easily and recognize that some properties of an object will persevere through change. Conservation is always gained in the same order, firstly with respect to number, followed secondly by weight, and thirdly by volume. A second new ability gained in the concrete operational stage is reversibility. This refers to the ability to mentally trace backwards, and is of enormous help to the child in both their problem solving and the knowledge they have of their own problem solving. For the former this is because they can see that in a conservation task, for example, the change made could be reversed to regain the original properties. With respect to knowledge of their own problem solving, they become able to retrace their mental steps, allowing an entirely new level of reflection. Concrete operational children also gain the ability to structure objects hierarchically, known as classification. This includes the notion of class inclusion, e. g. understanding an object being part of a subset included within a parent set, and is shown on Piaget’s inclusion task, asking children to identify, out of a number of brown and white wooden beads, whether there were more brown beads or wooden beads (Piaget, 1965). Seriation is another new ability gained during this stage, and refers to the child’s ability to order objects with respect to a common property. A simple example of this would be placing a number of sticks in order of height. An important new ability which develops from the interplay of both seriation and classification is that of numeration. Whilst pre-operational children are obviously capable of counting, it is only during the concrete operational stage that they become able to apply mathematical operators, thanks to their abilities to order things in terms of number (seriation) and to split numbers into sets and subsets (classification), enabling more complex multiplication, division and so on. Finally, and also following the development of seriation, is transitive inference. This is the name given to children’s ability to compare two objects via an intermediate object. So for instance, one stick could be deemed to be longer than another by both being individually compared to another (third) stick. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence). This stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes. How to cite Concrete Operations Stage, Essay examples

Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy. Answer: Introduction: The intellectual properties of a health provision or service include the names of the products or brands of the particular organisation, the inventions and discoveries, design or look of the product and any other patents and trademarks fall under the various types of intellectual properties. The important intellectual properties of a community health or service also include various devices and equipment, diagnostics and therapies, essential software, any kind of guidelines and training materials and other pharmaceutical products and processes. Protecting intellectual property is necessary because others might copy the necessary elements and the particular organisation has to suffer. In order to protect the intellectual property, certain legal actions might be taken so that no one can steal or copies the particular thing. There are two major ways of protecting intellectual property: Automatic protection: Copyright and Design right are the two means of automatic protection of the intellectual property. Protection that has to be applied for: Trademark, registered design and patents are protected by law when their protection is applied in the court of justice. In case if the intangible intellectual assets are not protected on the basis of intellectual property, it is expected that prompt action has to be taken to make these assets covered under the legal possession. It is advisable that the intellectual properties would be insured and wherever applicable they the patent and the trademark should be made in order to protect the same from being imitated by any other company or organisation. Moreover, these actions should be taking prior to carrying out any community program or working in any region for the community benefits. Combining organisational alignment with the employee engagement is important to engage the employees with the organisation to sustain better performance. By proper alignment, the connection between strategy and execution can be made and the employees would be able to make sound judgements about their work priorities. This way, the employees can become agile and can adapt to any change quickly. Employee engagement is the state when the employees think positive about their organisation and make discretionary efforts. In the view point of Omidvar, an engaged employee work harder and stay longer and thus, create a positive impact on their workplace. If employee engagement is successful, it will automatically lower the turnover cost and improve employee wellbeing and safety. On the other hand, employee engagement without proper alignment will eventually lead to a misdirected passion. Therefore, it can be said that alignment and employee engagement factors are complimentary to each other a nd it is important for keeping long term direction measures with the particular organisation. In order to complete the work in a timely manner, one needs to be much dedicated towards his or her job responsibilities. If one is assigned with certain job and duty, the person should be responsible enough to deal with the situation and complete the same in timely manner. In order to do so, drawing an action plan is the most effective solution to it. It is expected that keeping a sense of timeliness is the most important criteria. Moreover, when the task is divided into various segments, the work can be completed with high standard because the task has been properly disintegrated into various segments matching with the time required for the particular task. Therefore, designing an appropriate action plan based on the assigned work shall be done at foremost. The objective of the health service is to help the people who are suffering from ice epidemic and also to support people to come out of their distress because of the increasing suicidal rates. It might not be possible for an individual to carry out the relief activity and would eventually require the collaboration of team of people. The collaborative team can be formed from the members inside the organisation and from the members outside the organisation. From within the organisation, the team could be formed by including the managers and leaders. It has to be understood that these persons are experienced and have better knowledge about the subject. Therefore, when these important people are involved in the community health care program, the situation could be dealt easily and the victims or the sufferers would be guided properly. The members who could be selected from outside the organisation are the local people of the community. There always remain some people who have better knowledge about the community than others residing at the same place. Therefore, these individuals need to be chosen and they should be involved in the process. In addition to this, the any representative from the local health service community can also be involved. These might be the doctors, health care representatives or any other staffs working there. They would be able to tell about the actual condition of the place and would also supply the right data of the victims and sufferers. In addition to this, since the issue is related to suicides and drugs, it also involve legal issues and thus, collaborating with a legal expert can also fetch good response to the overall investigation and it is expected that proper steps to fight against these issues would be taken easily. Working for community is definitely a socially constructive thing and people performing such activities often get support from the community whom they work for. However, there is no doubt that conflicts and issues are bound to take place even if the particular organisation tries to do everything positive for the community. Therefore, the ones who are responsible for undertaking the community activities should be prepared enough to deal with such situations. It should be kept into consideration that the conflict can occur both internally and in the external environment where the particular organisation has been providing their service. Internal conflict might take place among the managers and the employees working together for any kind of reason, in case if their point of view does not match with each other. In order to deal with such conflict, effective internal communication can be suggested as the best possible solution. It is expected that both the parties should come to a common conclusion by effectively communicating each other and discussing the issue. In order to overcome the external conflict, it is expected that the community members should be informed beforehand about the program that the health service organisation is going to organise. The representatives of the community should be asked about any kind of needs or expectations they expect from the health service organisation. It is expected that a mutual settlement would be made and then the health care should provide their service in the respective community. However, in case if the situation goes out of hand, the same issue of the conflict can be discussed and proper steps can be taken to overcome the issue. One should not assume things and carry on their activity but one should discuss the same with both internal and external public related to the organisation. After completion of the collaboration project, I would like to share my experience. Since, the project was related to the increased rate of suicides in rural Victoria and the increased cases of ice epidemic, there were many cases where the victims were in the situation that they could hardly consider themselves responsible for the entire thing. I have met with the family members of those who committed suicide. Their condition is worse and more painful. They could not believe that they have lost such an important person from their life. On the other hand, the family members of the ice epidemic victims wanted the victim to get back their normal life back. It was a tough situation o deal with these people. At times, I also used to get emotional. Thus, I have identified that I lack professionalism which is equally important at the time of dealing with such people. In addition to this, once I confronted a small argument with my senior that had lead to a bad situation. Here, I identified that the situation has arise because of lack of proper inter personal communication. It was only when I communicated with him and explained my point of view, the matter was solved. Therefore, I need to work on my interpersonal communication skills as well. Apart from this, I believe that I have good knowledge of my subject that has helped to me understand the various situations that I had to confront many times. However, I need to increase my knowledge for future activities as well. For this, I would have to acquire knowledge about the condition of people in different regions of Australia, mostly the rural part. It is only when I shall be able to keep a trace of their activities I would be qualified as a responsible health care representative. References: Bently, Lionel, and Brad Sherman.Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. Dyer, Jean A. "Collaborative Team Models and Remotivation Therapy."Handbook of Remotivation Therapy(2014): 157. Hung, Woei. "Team-based complex problem solving: a collective cognition perspective."Educational Technology Research and Development61, no. 3 (2013): 365-384. Lock, Jennifer, Trisa Soroski, Belina Cassie, and Evelyn Hickey. "Experiences of a Collaborative Instructional Team in Support of Online Learning." (2014). Milgrim, Roger M., and Eric E. Bensen.Use of agreements to protect trade secrets in the employment relationship. Vol. 2. Milgrim on Trade Secrets, 2015. Omidvar, H., KH OMIDVAR, and A. Omidvar. "The determination of effectiveness of teaching time management strategies on the mental health and academic motivation of school students." (2013): 6-22.